372 102nd Olympiad. Sparta captures the Syracusan relief fleet sent to Corcyra.
368 103rd Olympiad.
367 Death of Dionysius I. He is succeeded as tyrant of Syracuse by his son Dionysius II. Dion sends a request to Plato to return to Syracuse. Carthage and the Etruscans make a pact against Taras/Tarentum. Leges Liciniae Sextiae. Roman Plebeians are allowed to run for the office of Consul for the first time.
366 Plato makes his second visit to Syracuse remaining there until 365 BC. He witnessed the turbulent period of the exile and restoration of his friend Dion. Dion is banished from Syracuse by Dionysius II. Dion flees to Athens where he becomes associated with the Plato’s Athenian Academy. Pestilence in Rome. This plague would rage in for three years and, at its height, claimed as many as 10,000 lives per day. The famous Roman leader Camillus were among the victims (alt date 365 BC). Lucius Sestius becomes the first plebeian to be elected Consul in Rome.
364 104th Olympiad. 361 Plato makes his 3rd visit to Syracuse, remaining until 360 BC. Arriving at the invitation of his friend Dion, Plato is forced to reside outside the palace at the camp of the mercenaries, apparently a hostage of Dionysius II to guarantee the good behavior of Dion. Dion unsuccessfully attempts to convince Plato to support his revolt. Agathocles, future tyrant of Syracuse and king of Sicily, is born at Thermae Himeraeae. 360 105th Olympiad (Summer) Plato is rescued from Syracuse by a ship sent by his friend Archytas, ruler of Tarentum. He returns to Athens, never returning to Syracuse. (c) Eruption/earthquake on Vulcano Island. 358 Rhegium (mod. Reggio di Calabria) forms a Republic which lasts until c300 BC. 357 (Aug 9) A lunar eclipse occurs just before Dion, brother-in-law of Dionysius II, with a fleet of 5 ships and a small army of 800 professional soldiers, sets out from Zacynthus to return to Sicily. He is accompanied by 3 members of Plato’s Academy. Landing at the Carthaginian port of Heraclea Minoa, Dion learns that Dionysius II had left Syracuse for the Italian mainland with a fleet of 80 ships. Dion realizes that this is an ideal time to formant a popular revolt at Syracuse. (Sept) While Dionysius was in Caulonia, Dion seizes power in Syracuse with the aid of members of Plato’s Academy. Dionysius returns and is besieged in the citadel of Ortygia. 356 106th Century Dion drives Dionysius II from Syracuse and seizes power for himself. Dionysius flees to Locri Epizephyrii in Bruttium, where he becomes tyrant. Apollocrates, eldest son of Dionysius II, continues to hold the citadel of Ortygia for his father. When he was finally forced to surrender, he was allowed to live and go into exile from Syracuse. (alternate date-357). Bruttians split away from Lucanian control and form their own league. 354 Dion is overthrown and assassinated by Kallipos (Callippus) the Athenian Academic. Kallipos was one of the members of Plato’s Academy who initially helped Dion win power in Syracuse. Dion’s widow, Arete, a daughter of Dionysius I “the Elder”, and her mother Aristomache, attempt to flee from Syracuse following his assassination. Their ship, bound for the Peloponnesus, is intercepted Hicetas, tyrant of Leontini, who has the two women drowned. Samnites sign a treaty of alliance with Rome, probably as a defensive treaty against a possible Gaulish threat. 353 Kallipos leads several expeditions against Sicilian cities, including Katane, which have revolted against Syracuse. His absence from Syracuse allows Hipparinus, brother of Dionysius II to seize power in the city. 352 107th Olympiad. Kallipos, having been driven from Syracuse during the previous year, attempts to seize control of Messana. After being defeated here he sails to the Italian mainland where he manages to capture Rhegion. His reign here, however, was short. His arrogance and severity towards his followers resulted in his assassination. According to Plutarch, his comrades Leptines and Polyperchon struck him down with the same sword he had used to kill Dion. Pharax takes control of Akragas. The city soon falls to the Carthaginians. Akragas remains nearly deserted until 338 BC. 351 Hipparinus of Syracuse dies. Nysaeos succeeds tyrant in Syracuse (alt. date 350 BC). 350 Town of Mola (mod. Castel Mola [ME]) rebuilt. (c) Alkimos, Greek-Sicilian historian, flourishes. His History of Sicily was the first historical work to mention the story of Romulus and his legendary foundation of Rome. In his 4-book philosophical and mathematical work Ad Aminta, he supported the view that doctrines of Epicarmus had influenced platonic philosophy. Taras establishes a coalition of Greek cities against the threat of the Lucanians. (c) Dicaearchus, philosopher, scientist, and scholar, is born at Messana, Sicily. (c) Practice begins to spread throughout the Greek world of going to temples to seek cures from the gods for various ailments. These sanctuaries are the direct forerunners of what would become hospitals. (c) Possible eruption on Ischia. (c) Eruption on Stromboli. (c) Mt Etna erupts. 349 Syracusan ships continue to raid along the coast of the Italian mainland. 348 108th Olympiad Treaty between Rome and Carthage. According to Diodorus Siculus this was the earliest accord between the two powers, making the 509 BC treaty suspect. Death of Plato at Athens (alt date 347 BC). 347 Archytas of Tarentum drowns when his ship sinks off the coast of Apulia. 346 Leaving his wife and daughters with a garrison at Locri, Dionysius II returns to Syracuse where he is restored to power as tyrant. After Dionysius left Locri, its citizens, having endured his great cruelties for a decade, revolt and drive out the garrison. Left without protection, Dionysius’s family members are taken captive, tortured and executed. (alt. date-347). Apollocrates, eldest son of Dionysius II, returns to Syracuse. Romans capture Sora in Campania on the river Liris. The city of Rome suffers from flooding of the river Tiber. 345 Timaeus, historian, born at Tauromenium (mod. Taormina), Sicily. (alt. date: 350 BC). Mamercus becomes tyrant of Katana (mod. Catania). 344 109th Olympiad Envoys from Syracuse arrive in Corinth seeking help in ending the continuing self-destructive conflicts between the Greek states in Sicily and the increasing threat from the Carthaginians. The Corinthians decide to send Timoleon with a handful of soldiers to Sicily. Timoleon sails west and reaches the Italian mainland. He stops at Metapontum before proceeding to Sicily. He successfully reaches Tauromenium and marches against Hicetas. (alt date: 345 BC). According to ancient writers (Diodorus Siculus and Plutarch), as Timoleon’s sailed by night towards Sicily, an “extraordinary prodigy” appeared in the sky; “A burning torch appeared in the heavens for an entire night, and went before the fleet to Sicily.” Interpreted as a sign of divine favor for the enterprise, modern scholars believe that it was a comet which appeared in the western sky. Timoleon defeats Hicetas (Iketas) at Adranum, who retreats back to Syracuse. 343 Dionysius surrenders Ortygia to Timoleon and is allowed to retire to Corinth in safety. There he spends his remaining years as a schoolmaster. Hicetas asks Carthage for help against Timoleon. The Carthaginians send an army of 60,000 men. This alliance fails to defeat Timoleon and the Carthaginians withdraw. Hicetas retreats back into Leontini. There he is besieged by Timoleon and forced to surrender. Timoleon ends the tyranny and begins to reform and restore lost freedoms to Syracuse. He increases the depleted population by bringing in 10,000 new colonists from Corinth and other Greek cities. The government is reformed along democratic lines. The old citadel on Ortygia, the symbol of the old tyrants, is razed and replaced by a court of justice. The chief magistry of the city is given to the amphipolos, an annually chosen priest of Olympian Zeus. (alt. date: 345 BC). The increasing threat of the Bruttian League forces the people of Taras/Tarentum to appeal for help to their mother-city Sparta. Samnites attack the Sidicini, an Oscan-speaking people living in northern Campania between the Rivers Liris and Volturnus. Romans break their treaty with the Samnites initiating the First Samnite War. Threatened by attack from the Samnites, Capua appeals for help from Rome. The Romans expel the Samnites from northern Campania and place a garrison in Capua. Battle of Saticula. Romans under Consul A. Cornelius Cossus Arvina defeat a Samnite army. Romans under Consul M. Valerius Corvus defeat the Samnites at Mt. Gaurus and Suessula. (alt. date: 342 BC). 342 Roman offensive against the Samnites delayed due to an army mutiny. In response to Taras’s appeal for help against the Bruttians, the Spartan king Archidamus III arrives in southern Italy with an army. A member of the Eurypontid royal line, his career as a soldier stretched back 30 years before this with varying degrees of success and failure. He had risen to the Spartan throne in 360/359 BC. Leptinus, the nephew of Dionysius the Elder and the assassin of Kallipos, is exiled from Syracuse. He spent his last years at Corinth. 341 Romans under Consul L. Aemilius Mamercus Privernas launch a major offensive against the Samnites. (alt. date: 342 BC). Samnites agree to a new treaty with Rome ending the First Samnite War. Their war with the Romans concluded, the Samnites begin to threaten Greek Taras/Tarentum. 340 110th Olympiad. Hicetas of Leontini makes a new attempt to seize power, making a new alliance with Carthage against Timoleon. The Carthaginians send a new army of 70,000 which lands at Lilybaeum. (Apr 24) Timoleon, with an army of only c12,000 Greeks (some sources say only 5,000 infantry and 1,000 cavalry), defeats the 70,000-strong Carthaginian army, commanded by Asdrubal and Hamilcar, at the river Crimissus (Krimisos). The Greeks attribute this victory largely to Timoleon’s personal courage and abilities as a general. He attacked the Carthaginians while they were engaged in crossing the river. Their forces being split by the river, the Carthaginians were unable to form a proper battle line as the Greek cavalry launched an initial attack. As Timoleon led his infantry forward, a violent storm rose up blowing stinging rain and hail into the faces of the Carthaginian army. Carthaginian defenses collapsed and their Sacred Band, an elite troop of well-armed citizen soldiers, was wiped out. Timoleon also captured the Carthaginian camp. (or 341, 339 BC). Greek mercenaries comprised part of both armies in this battle. Perhaps as many as 4,000 of the warriors under Timoleon were hired from Greek cities other than Syracuse About a thousand of these soldiers deserted from Timoleon’s army before the battle, not trusting his abilities to defeat the Carthaginians. Battle of Suessa Aurunca. Now engaged in the Latin War, the Romans defeat an allied force of Latins and Campanians. Following this victory, the Romans manage to break the alliance by offering the Campanians a favorable peace treaty. The latter agree to the terms and withdraw their forces. 339 Battle of Vesuvius. Romans under Publius Decius Mus engage in battle with the Latins, Volsci, and Campanians on the slopes of Mt. Vesuvius in Campania. The Romans are victorious but grant the defeated allies favorable terms, thus ending the Latin War. (alt. date 340 BC). Timoleon refounds Kamarina. Timoleon plants a Greek colony of 10,000 at the Sikel town of Agyrion (Agirium; mod. Agira [EN]). 338 Carthage sends mercenaries to support Hicetas but he is defeated by Timoleon at Leontini. Hicetas is captured and executed. Timoleon forces the Carthaginians to sign a treaty very favorable to the Greeks. Carthaginian power in Sicily is limited to the area west of the river Halycus (Platani). Timoleon restores Akragas. Timoleon restores Gela with new colonists. Timoleon voluntarily retires to private life but remains the most influential man in all of Greek Sicily. Battle of Chaeronea. Archidamus III, King of Sparta, is killed in battle against the Bruttians near the walls of Manduria. Rome is victorious in the Latin War. The Latin League is dissolved and the Latins are incorporated into the Roman State as full citizens. Some sources, however, say they were given the status of civitas sine suffragio. As a result of their victory over the Latins, the Romans are free to occupy northern Campania. The cities of Formiae, Capua, and Kyme/Cumae receive “Latin Rights”, a form of partial citizenship (civitas sine suffragio). These rights include conubium (the right to legal marriage with Roman citizens), commercium (the right to trade with Roman citizens under Roman law), and ius migrationis (the right to obtain full Roman citizenship by taking up residence in the ager Romanus [territory under direct Roman jurisdiction]). Those cities with this status reciprocated them with the Romans. 337 Timoleon is stricken with blindness but still attempts to play an important role in the assembly at Syracuse. (Dec 15) Timoleon dies. He receives a fine public funeral and tomb at Syracuse. Aurunca, a city of the Aurunci, is destroyed by the Sindicini. The survivors flee south where they found a new city in northern Campania, Suessa Aurunca (CE), about 7 km from the old site of Aurunca. 336 111th Olympiad War breaks out between the Romans and the Ausones. (alt. date: 334 BC). The Romans capture Teanum Sidicinum (mod. Teano), capital of the Aurunci, in northern Campania. The town becomes a Roman ally. Philip II is assassinated. He is succeeded as king of Macedonia and Greece by his son Alexander III “the Great”. Using the army created and trained by his father, Alexander will set out on his famous conquest of the Persian Empire and beyond in 334 BC. 335 Romans capture Cales (mod. Calvi) in Campania. They establish a Latin colony of 2,500 citizens there. (alt date 334 BC). Aristotle founds the Lyceum at Athens, dedicated to the study of science. Hicetas of Syracuse, Pythagorean philosopher and astronomer, dies. 334 War between the Romans and Ausones ends in the defeat of the latter. The Romans occupy Cales and found a Latin colony there. 332 112th Olympiad Acerrae (mod. Acerra), in Campania, becomes the first city to receive the status of Civitas sine suffragio (Roman citizenship without the right to vote). Rome signs a treaty with the city of Taras/Tarentum. Taras makes another appeal for foreign help as the threat posed by the Italic Bruttians and Lucanians increases. This time they ask for help from Alexander I of Epirus (aka Alexander of Molossus). The maternal uncle and namesake of Alexander the Great, Alexander sought an opportunity to create his own empire. Intervention in Italy could provide him with just the opportunity that he was seeking. His initial successes against the Italics gave confidence to the Tarentines but soon they became aware that Alexander was fighting more for his own self-interest than for theirs. Despite the loss of Tarentine sponsorship, Alexander had no intention of withdrawing his forces. Recognizing that the only power on the peninsula that might oppose him was Rome, he sent ambassadors to conclude a treaty of alliance. The city of Metapontum forms an alliance with Alexander I of Epirus against the Lucanians and Bruttians. Alexander I of Epirus defeats a Samnite-Lucanian army near Paestum. Pestilence strikes Rome. 331 (c) Alexander I of Epirus takes Sipontum (mod. Siponto) from the Samnites 330 The dreams of Alexander I for his own Italian Empire end when he is killed in battle against the Lucanians and Bruttians at Pandosia, on the river Acheron. Although it was unclear exactly how he perished, a rumor suggested that he was struck down from behind by a Bruttian or Lucanian traitor. (alt. date: 331 BC). (c) A Lucanian sanctuary inspired by Greek models is constructed around this time near modern-day Armento [PZ]. Archestratus, Sicilian-Greek poet and gastronomist, dies. A native of either Gela or Syracuse, he was the author (in c350 BC) of the now mostly lost Gastronomy (Hedupatheia = Good Cheer or Pleasant Living), a humorous poem about food and cooking. It is considered one of the earliest known cookbooks. Ennius used this work as a source for his Hedyphagetica. Aristotle considered his descriptions of animals that he used Archestratus as a source for his own History of Animals. He also influenced the works of Apicius and he is also mentioned by Athenaeus. 328 113th Olympiad A Latin colony established is at Fregellae in southern Latium. The colony is situated on the river Liris, in territory claimed by the Samnites. Because of the anti-Roman actions of the population of Palaeopolis in Campania, the Roman consul Publilius Philo lays siege to the city, while neighboring Neapolis (Naples) voluntarily agrees to a treaty. Samnites from Nola rush to the defense of Palaeopolis and strengthen the city enough to hold off the Roman assaults for several months. The city finally fell due to the treachery of pro-Roman sympathizers within the walls. Upon its fall, Palaeopolis disappears from history while Neapolis, now an allied city (foederata civitas) of Rome thrives (alt. date 327 BC). The island of Capri off the coast of Campania comes under Roman control. Volscians are expelled from the Liris river valley by the Romans. 327 Argos Hippion (mod. Arpi [FG]) in Apulia allies itself with Rome. (alt. date: 326 BC) The Romans make alliances with Nuceria (Nocera) and the Apulians. Second Samnite War begins. 326 Treaty is concluded between Rome and Neapolis. The Circus Maximus is built at Rome. The remains of Alexander I of Epirus are interred at Metapontum. 325 (c) During the last quarter of the 4th century BC, the Greeks at Metapontum convert their Ekklesiasterion into a theater. Romans successfully campaign against the Marsi, Peligni, and Vestini. In the course of this campaign the Roman army reaches the coast of the Adriatic for the first time. 324 114th Olympiad Croton, aided by Syracuse, defeats the Bruttii. 323 Vibinum (mod. Bovino [FG]) in Apulia founded by the Daunii. (June 13) Death of Alexander the Great at age of 32. Upon his death his empire immediately fragments. Alexander’s death marks the beginning of the Hellenistic period. It has been suggested that Alexander had begun looking towards the west for new potential conquests. Had he conquered Carthage and/or the Greek states of Magna Graecia and Sicily, it would simply a matter of time before he would have faced the Romans. The outcome of a war between Alexander and the Romans, each with their own successful but different tactical skills remains a matter of debate to the present-day. (c) Rhinton, dramatist, is born at Syracuse. The inventor of the hilarotragoedia, a burlesque of tragic subjects, he authored 38 plays during his career. 322 Romans occupy Ischia. Romans reject an offer of peace from the Samnites. Earthquake strikes the Campi Flegrei in Campania. Agathocles returns to Syracuse from southern Italy. 321 A Roman army of 20,000 under the command of the Consuls Spurius Postumius Albinus and Titus Veturius is trapped and defeated by the Samnites commanded by Gaius Pontius, at the battle of the Caudine Forks, ending the first phase of the Second Samnite War. Postumius is forced to agree to a humiliating treaty, giving up Fregellae and Cales to the Samnites. As part of the conditions for securing their safe release the entire Roman army is forced to disarm and pass beneath a yoke as a sign of submission. This “yolk” is a type of arch formed by three spears. Furthermore, 600 Roman knights are to be given to the Samnites as hostages, and the Romans must agree to withdraw from Samnite territory. The two nations should thereafter one another’s territories and laws. 320 115th Olympiad The Romans elect new consuls while the Roman senate debates the Caudine treaty. It is agreement is rejected and the senate orders that Postumius and others responsible for the treaty be handed over to the Samnites. The Samnite leader Gavius Pontius, however, refuses to accept them. Hostilities continue between the two powers as the Samnites capture Fregellae, but a Roman army under Q. Publilius does defeat the Samnites in battle. Samnites capture Lucera. Samnites conclude a peace treaty with Taras/Tarentum. Acestorides expels Agathocles from Syracuse. Aristaeus of Kroton, mathematician, flourishes. Also known as Aristaeus the Elder, he succeeded Eudoxus of Cnidus as the head of his school in Cyrene, and worked closely with Euclid and Apollonius on a treatise entitled “Analysis of Locus”, a now-lost method of geometry for advanced students. Eruption of Mt. Vesuvius. After this eruption, Mt Vesuvius went into a long dormant period. Although the area remained seismically active, causing occasional earthquakes, the lack of eruptions caused the populace to forget that the mountain was actually a volcano. The slopes of the mountain, having rich volcanic soil, were cultivated and the towns and cities below such as Pompeii and Herculaneum grew both in size and prosperity. The volcano was to remain dormant for the next four centuries until the famous eruption of AD 79. 319 Romans retake Lucera. The city receives the status of a colonia togata. The Senate dispatches 2,500 Roman colonists to settle at Lucera. Acestorides leaves Syracuse. Sostratus becomes leader of Syracuse. Agathocles captures Leontini with an army from Morgantina. Agathocles, aided by the Carthaginian Hamilcar, returns to Syracuse. He is appointed strategos (general and guardian of the peace) or praetor. 318 Romans under Junius Bubulcus capture Aceruntia/Acherutia (Lat. Acherontia) (mod. Acerenza [PZ]). They build a temple there dedicated to Hercules Acheruntine. Romans defeat the Apuli. The Romans appoint the praefecti Capuam Cumas for the first time. These new officials are assigned the task of governing Roman-held northern Campania, their creation places severe limitations on the powers of the local officials (meddices) of Capua. Two new local voting tribes, the Oufentina and Falerna, are created for the Roman citizens living there. Pyrrhus, future ruler of Epirus, is born. 317 Agathocles goes into exile at Morgantina. He gathers an army of supporters, supposedly for a campaign against Erbita, but soon returns to Syracuse and seizes power there as a tyrant. A peace treaty is concluded between Kroton and the Bruttians. A group exiles from Kroton unsuccessfully attempt to storm the city. 316 116th Olympiad. Agathocles announces his intention to revise the Syracusan constitution. He orders the general citizens to meet in assembly in the theater, while the senate gathers at the Gymnasium. Once both groups are seated, Agathocles sets his army of 5,000 African mercenaries upon them. The senators are all cut down, as all the leaders of the common assembly. Altogether, some 600 Syracusan leaders are killed or banished. Agathocles now assumes complete control over Syracuse, becoming a tyrant in everything but name. He assumed the title of strategos autokrator. The struggle between Agathocles and the surviving Syracusan leaders who escaped into exile will continue for the next decade. Second Samnite War is renewed when the Romans violate the treaty. 315 Agathocles attacks and seizes Messene (mod. Messina). Battle of Lautalae. Samnites defeat a Roman army under general and dictator Q. Fabius Rullianus. 314 Temporary suspension of the war between Syracuse and the Carthaginians for control of Sicily. The people of Akragas send for Acrotatus of Sparta to help them against Agathocles. After a stop at Taras/Tarentum, Acrotatus arrived in Akragas and took charge of the city’s defenses. He soon displayed such cruelty towards the inhabitants that they rose up and drove him out. Acrotatus murders Sostratus and escapes from Akragas. Romans invade Samnite territory and capture Tarracina. Capua is forced to sign a new treaty with the Romans. Romans unsuccessfully attack Bovianum Vetus. C. Maenius is elected dictator in Rome to investigate anti-Roman plots in the Campanian city of Capua. Romans establish a Latin colony at Luceria, Apulia. War breaks out between the Romans and the Aurunci. Romans defeat Samnites who retreat to Maleventum. The city’s name was more likely Maloeis (derived from the Greek word for apple malon). Although it had once been thought that the name Maleventum was derived from the Latin, meaning “Bad Air”, this theory has now been largely abandoned. 313 Romans capture Novla from the Samnites. They rename the town Nola. (alt dates: 314; 311). The Romans capture the last of the Aurunci towns. Romans found Latin colonies at Suessa Aurunca (Campania), on the island of Pontiae, and at Saticula (Samnium). Completion of the first section of the Via Appia (Appian Way) linking Rome with Capua. Romans capture Casinum (mod. Cassino [FR]). Romans capture Fregellae (alt. date: 313) and Sora (alt. date: 314). 312 117th Olympiad Romans colonize Casinum (mod. Cassino [FR]). Roman censor Appius Claudius drains the Pontine marshes. Appius Claudius builds the Via Appia, the first Roman aqueduct. Gela falls again to the Carthaginians who are helped by the treachery of the city’s nobles. 311 Hamilcar, son of Gisco, arrives in Sicily to take over the Carthaginian forces there. Agathocles captures Gela and massacres 4,000 of the population. Romans capture Bovianum Vetus. 310 Hamilcar seizes control over most of Sicily and soon lays siege to Syracuse itself. Agathocles, tyrant of Syracuse, invades North Africa with an army of 14,000 to ravage Carthaginian territory. He is accompanied by Archagathus, his son by Theoxena (step-daughter of Ptolemy I of Egypt). The Siciliot Greek army lands at Latomiae. The attack takes the Carthaginians completely by surprise and recalls Hamilcar from Sicily to defend Carthage. Etruscans send ships to Agathocles in support of his war against Carthage. Romans capture the Samnite town of Allifae (mod. Alife [CE]). (c) Romans take control of Herculaneum. Romans make an unsuccessful naval raid near Pompeii. 309 Taking advantage of the absence of Agathocles in Africa, the city of Henna (mod. Enna) successfully revolts from Syracuse under their native Sikel leader Xenodichias. Having received aid in their revolt from the city of Akragas, the citizens of Henna decide to place themselves under the authority of that city as protection from Syracusan retaliation. Heraclea Minoa is captured by Akragas. Agathocles continues his campaign against Carthage in North Africa. Marching inland, he defeats the Carthaginians in battle but is unable to follow-up his success when his camp is looted by Carthage’s Numidian allies. 308 118th Olympiad. Xenodokos takes power in Akragas for a short time. 307 Agathocles campaigns throughout Sicily. He sacks Apollonia (where he massacres most of the population), near Messene, captures Kephaloidion (mod. Cefalů [PA]), and sacks Segesta in western Sicily. A peace treaty is signed between Agathocles and Hamilcar. Control over Sicily is restored to old status quo. Agathocles marries Theoxena, sister of Magas, the Ptolemaic viceroy of Cyrene. Hernici revolt against the Romans. The Hernici are an Italic tribe living between the Lago di Fucino (Lacus Fucinus) and the river Sacco (Trerus). Romans under Fabius defeat the Samnites at Alife. The “Nuceria League” (Nuceria, Sorrento, Pompeii, Stabile, and Herculaneum) break their alliance with the Samnites and make peace with the Romans on favorable terms. 306 New treaty between Rome and Carthage. Peace treaty signed between the Romans and the Hernici. Most of the latter receive the status of civitas sine suffragio. 305 Samnites retake Bovianum Vetus.